Chemistry Compound Library — Formulas, Properties & Safety Data

H₂O

The most abundant compound on Earth's surface, essential for all known life.

NaCl

Common table salt, an essential mineral for human physiology and one of the most widely used food additives.

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

The common disaccharide known as table sugar, composed of glucose and fructose, used as a primary sweetener worldwide.

C₂H₅OH

The alcohol found in alcoholic beverages; also widely used as a disinfectant, solvent, and fuel additive.

CH₃COOH

The main component of vinegar, a weak carboxylic acid widely used in food preservation and as a household cleaner.

NaHCO₃

Common baking soda, used as a leavening agent in baking, antacid for heartburn, and mild household cleaner.

H₂O₂

A mild antiseptic and bleaching agent; concentrated forms are powerful oxidizers used in rocket propellants.

NaClO

Household bleach in dilute aqueous form; a powerful disinfectant used in water treatment, laundry, and cleaning.

CaCO₃

Chalk, limestone, and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate; also used as an antacid and dietary calcium supplement.

C₉H₈O₄

One of the most widely used drugs in history, Aspirin relieves pain and reduces inflammation by inhibiting COX enzymes.

C₈H₉NO₂

The world's most widely used OTC pain reliever and fever reducer, sold as Tylenol and Panadol.

C₁₃H₁₈O₂

A common NSAID sold as Advil and Motrin, used to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation.

C₈H₁₀N₄O₂

The world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance, found naturally in coffee, tea, and cacao.

C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₄S

The first antibiotic ever discovered, Penicillin G works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

C₁₇H₁₉NO₃

A powerful opioid analgesic derived from the opium poppy, used for severe pain management in clinical settings.

C₂₁H₃₀O₂

The primary psychoactive compound in cannabis; binds to CB1 receptors in the brain and is studied for medical applications.

CH₄

The simplest alkane and the primary component of natural gas, also a potent greenhouse gas.

C₆H₆

The archetypal aromatic compound with a delocalized pi system; a known carcinogen used in chemical synthesis.

C₃H₆O

The simplest ketone; a common solvent used in nail polish remover, paint thinner, and organic synthesis.

C₂H₄

The simplest alkene and the world's most produced organic chemical, used to make polyethylene and as a plant ripening hormone.

CH₂O

A reactive aldehyde used as a preservative, disinfectant, and in resin manufacturing; classified as a carcinogen.

CH₃OH

The simplest alcohol; used as fuel and solvent but highly toxic — can cause blindness or death if ingested.

C₇H₈

An aromatic solvent widely used in paint thinners, adhesives, and as a starting material for explosives and dyes.

C₁₈H₃₆O₂

A saturated fatty acid from animal fats and vegetable oils; used in soap, candles, and cosmetics.

C₁₈H₃₄O₂

The predominant fatty acid in olive oil, associated with cardiovascular health benefits; an omega-9 monounsaturated fat.

C₄H₁₀O

One of the first surgical anesthetics; still widely used as a solvent for organic extractions and reactions.

C₃H₆O₃

Produced in muscle tissue during anaerobic exercise; also made by bacterial fermentation in yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut.

H₂SO₄

The most produced industrial chemical in the world, used in fertilizers, refining, and battery manufacturing.

HCl

A strong mineral acid present naturally in gastric acid; widely used in industrial cleaning, metal processing, and pH control.

NaOH

A strong base used in making soap, paper, and textiles, as well as drain cleaners and food processing.

NH₃

A key industrial chemical produced by the Haber-Bosch process; essential for fertilizer production feeding half of humanity.

HNO₃

A strong corrosive acid used to manufacture fertilizers, explosives, and as a nitrating agent in organic synthesis.

Cl₂

A yellow-green halogen gas used to disinfect drinking water, swimming pools, and as a bleaching agent.

C₂H₄O

A key industrial chemical used to sterilize medical equipment and make ethylene glycol; a known carcinogen.

H₃PO₄

Used to acidify foods (cola drinks), make fertilizers, and remove rust; the world's third most important industrial acid.

C₂H₆O₂

The main ingredient in automotive antifreeze; also the monomer for polyester (PET) plastics. Toxic despite sweet taste.

C₆H₁₂O₆

The primary energy source for cells, transported in the bloodstream and metabolized via glycolysis.

C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃

The universal energy currency of the cell, storing and transferring energy through its high-energy phosphate bonds.

C₁₀H₁₂N₂O

A key neurotransmitter often called the feel-good molecule, influencing mood, sleep, appetite, and cognition.

C₉H₁₃NO₃

The fight-or-flight hormone produced by the adrenal glands, also used medically to treat severe allergic reactions.

C₂₇H₄₆O

An essential lipid in all animal cell membranes, precursor to steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids.

C₅H₅N₅

One of the four DNA bases; pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA via complementary hydrogen bonding.

C₂H₅NO₂

The simplest amino acid; a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and building block of proteins.

C₈H₁₁NO₂

The reward neurotransmitter central to motivation, pleasure, and motor control; its depletion causes Parkinson's disease.

C₁₉H₂₈O₂

The primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid, essential for male development and muscle protein synthesis.

C₂₅₇H₃₈₃N₆₅O₇₇S₆

The peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that regulates blood glucose uptake; essential for diabetes management.

C(n)H(n)N(n)O(n)P(n)

The molecule that encodes genetic information in all living organisms, organized as a double helix of complementary base pairs.

C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₂

An essential amino acid and the precursor to serotonin; commonly associated with the drowsiness after Thanksgiving turkey.

C₅₅H₇₂MgN₄O₅

The primary photosynthetic pigment in plants; absorbs red and blue light while reflecting green, giving plants their color.

(C₂H₄)n

The world's most widely produced plastic, used in packaging, pipes, containers, and countless everyday items.

(C₁₂H₂₂N₂O₂)n

One of the first synthetic polymers, Nylon 6,6 is used in textiles, ropes, toothbrush bristles, and mechanical parts.

(C₂F₄)n

Teflon — the non-stick fluoropolymer coating on cookware with one of the lowest coefficients of friction of any solid.

(C₈H₈)n

A versatile polymer used as rigid foam (Styrofoam) for insulation and packaging, or as clear plastic for disposable cups.

(C₁₄H₁₀N₂O₂)n

A para-aramid synthetic fiber 5x stronger than steel by weight; used in bulletproof vests, helmets, and aerospace composites.

(C₂H₃Cl)n

The third most produced plastic in the world; rigid PVC is used in pipes and window frames, flexible PVC in cables and flooring.

CO₂

The primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas; essential for photosynthesis and used to carbonate beverages.

O₃

A powerful oxidizing agent forming a protective layer in the stratosphere that shields Earth from UV radiation.

N₂O

A greenhouse gas 300x more potent than CO2; used as a dental anesthetic and propellant in whipped cream dispensers.

SO₂

A major air pollutant from burning fossil fuels; causes acid rain and is also used as a food preservative.

N₂

Makes up 78% of Earth's atmosphere; liquid nitrogen is used in cryogenics and food freezing.

O₂

21% of Earth's atmosphere; essential for aerobic respiration and combustion.

C₁₈H₂₇NO₃

The compound responsible for the burning sensation in chili peppers, also used in pain-relief creams and pepper spray.

C₈H₈O₃

The primary aromatic compound of vanilla beans, responsible for the characteristic flavor and fragrance of vanilla.

C₆H₈O₇

The tart compound in citrus fruits; widely used as a food additive, preservative, and flavoring agent.

C₆H₈O₆

An essential vitamin and antioxidant required for collagen synthesis and immune function; found abundantly in citrus fruits.

C₅H₈NO₄Na

The sodium salt of glutamic acid, responsible for the umami (savory) taste; one of the most used food additives worldwide.

C₁₀H₂₀O

The cooling compound from peppermint that activates cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors, used in candy, cosmetics, and medicines.

C₂₀H₃₀O

A fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision (especially night vision), immune function, and skin cell renewal.

C₂₇H₄₄O

The sunshine vitamin synthesized in skin upon UV exposure; essential for calcium absorption and bone health.

C₁₆H₉N₄NaO₉S₂

FD&C Yellow No. 5 — a widely used synthetic food dye in candies, sodas, and snack foods; controversial for hyperactivity claims.

CuSO₄

Brilliant blue crystals used as a fungicide, wood preservative, and classic chemistry demonstration reagent.

Fe₂O₃

The reddish-brown oxide of iron commonly known as rust; also the primary ore of iron (hematite) and a red pigment.

AgNO₃

Used in photography, as an antiseptic, and for testing halides; it stains skin dark brown on contact.

KMnO₄

A striking purple oxidizing agent used in water treatment, organic synthesis, and as a foot antiseptic.

Al₂O₃

Corundum in pure form; ruby and sapphire are colored varieties. Used as an abrasive, refractory material, and in ceramics.

SiO₂

The most abundant mineral on Earth's crust; sand, quartz, and glass are all forms of silicon dioxide.

C₇H₅N₃O₆

A yellow solid used extensively as a military and industrial explosive, notable for its relative chemical stability.

C₃H₅N₃O₉

An extremely sensitive explosive used by Nobel to make dynamite; also a cardiac drug that dilates blood vessels.

NH₄NO₃

Primarily a fertilizer, but a powerful oxidizer that forms ANFO explosive when combined with fuel oil.

C₆₀

An allotrope of carbon with a soccer-ball structure — it won the 1996 Nobel Prize and launched the nanotechnology era.

C(n)

A single layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice — the thinnest, strongest material ever measured.

C(n)

Cylindrical carbon nanostructures with extraordinary electrical conductivity and tensile strength — 100x stronger than steel.

C

The hardest natural material, a carbon allotrope with a cubic crystal structure; used in jewelry and industrial cutting tools.

UF₆

Used in uranium enrichment for nuclear fuel, volatile and highly reactive, representing a key step in the nuclear fuel cycle.

Rn

A naturally occurring radioactive noble gas produced by uranium decay; the second leading cause of lung cancer.